AXP

AMERICAN EXPRESS CO

NYSE · Finance Services · Inc. NY · CIK 0000004962
$312.30 +0.53% $217.2B
Insider Selling Cluster (2 insiders)High Impact Filing (8/10)Congressional Activity (2)
Vol
Market Cap$217.2B
Cap SizeMega Cap
Analyst ConsensusHold (46%)
Inst. Holders12 funds
Inst. Value$90.1B
Inst. Activity2 buys / 0 sells
Insider Activity0B / 8S
Insider Net $-$29.3M
Reddit Sentiment63° Warm
SEC Reports15
Congressional4 trades
Exchange NYSE·Sector Finance Services·Inc. NY·CIK 0000004962·Prev Close $310.66

Recent Activity

Jul 16, 2026 earnings_calendar
AXP Q2 2026 Earnings Before Market Open — 2026-07-16
EPS est: $4.52 | Rev est: $19.8B
Jun 2, 2026 Event
Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride
WARNING Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis Elderly patients wit
May 31, 2026 SEC
3 firms acted on AXP: Freedom Broker, Redburn Atlantic, B of A Securities
ANALYST-UPGRADE — Impact 2/10
May 22, 2026 SEC
Loop Capital initiates AXP to Buy — PT $389 (+25.6%)
ANALYST-UPGRADE — Impact 1/10
May 22, 2026 Event
Abrams v. American Express National Bank
Court ruling from District Court of Appeal of Florida. Docket: 2D2025-3100
May 5, 2026 Insider
WARDELL LISA W sold 742.115 shares
Director @ $0.00 ($0.00)
May 5, 2026 Insider
Young Christopher David sold 742.115 shares
Director @ $0.00 ($0.00)
May 5, 2026 Insider
Wallace Noel R. sold 742.115 shares
Director @ $0.00 ($0.00)

Price Targets

$361.57 +13.6% upside Buy
Current $318.38 Low $285.00 Median $353.79 High $450.00 24 analysts
$285.00 $450.00

Analyst Ratings

Hold46% buy · 35 analysts
4Strong Buy
12Buy
18Hold
0Sell
1Strong Sell
Recent Analyst Actions
DateFirmActionRating
May 22, 2026 Loop Capital INITIATE Buy
Apr 29, 2026 Evercore ISI Group MAINTAIN In-Line → In-Line
Apr 28, 2026 Goldman Sachs MAINTAIN Buy → Buy
Apr 24, 2026 Barclays MAINTAIN Equal-Weight → Equal-Weight
Apr 24, 2026 B of A Securities MAINTAIN Buy → Buy

Earnings Estimates

PeriodEPS Est.RangeGrowth#
Current Q $4.38 $4.09 — $4.55 7% YoY 23
Next Q $4.68 ▲ +0.7% $4.37 — $5.80 13% YoY 22
Current FY $17.69 $17.34 — $18.70 15% YoY 27
Next FY $20.12 $19.15 — $20.88 14% YoY 27

Top Institutional Holders

FundValueMove
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC$56.1BNEW
VANGUARD GROUP INC$17.1B
MORGAN STANLEY$4.9B
FMR LLC$3.1B
BANK OF AMERICA CORP$2.9B

Recent Insider Trades

DateInsiderTypeValue
May 5, 2026WARDELL LISAA$0.00
May 5, 2026Young ChristopherA$0.00
May 5, 2026Wallace NoelA$0.00
May 5, 2026Quarles RandalA$0.00
May 5, 2026Pike LynnA$0.00

Reddit Sentiment

63°
Warm
Bearish Neutral Bullish
12 mentions 6 bullish 2 bearish

Congressional Trades

4 members: 3 buys, 1 sells
MemberPartyTypeAmount
Rick LarsenDSELL$1,001 - $15,000
Jared MoskowitzDBUY$1,001 - $15,000
Shelley MooreRBUY$1,001 - $15,000
12 institutional holders with $90.1B total value (243,426,262 shares) as of 2025-Q4. Top holders: BERKSHIRE, VANGUARD, MORGAN. Net buying activity: 2 institutions added/increased vs 0 reduced.

Top Institutional Holders — 2025-Q4

#FundSharesValue% of TrackedLast Move
1BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC151,610,700$56.1B62.3%NEW
2VANGUARD GROUP INC46,109,777$17.1B18.9%
3MORGAN STANLEY13,199,234$4.9B5.4%
4FMR LLC8,408,873$3.1B3.5%
5BANK OF AMERICA CORP /DE/7,850,298$2.9B3.2%
6NORGES BANK6,660,940$2.5B2.7%NEW
7WELLS FARGO & COMPANY/MN5,381,555$2.0B2.2%ADD +31.4%
8CHARLES SCHWAB INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT INC3,810,767$1.4B1.6%NEW
9DODGE & COX292,549$108.2M0.1%
10Tweedy, Browne Co LLC64,592$23.9M0.0%
11TWO SIGMA INVESTMENTS, LP20,000$7.4M0.0%NEW
12Cullen Capital Management, LLC16,977$6.3M0.0%

Recent Position Changes

FundActionPrev SharesCurr SharesChange %ValueQuarter
NORGES BANKNEW6,660,940$2.5B2025-Q4
TWO SIGMA INVESTMENTS, LPNEW20,000$7.4M2025-Q4
WELLS FARGO & COMPANY/MNADD3,808,3795,005,748+31.4%$1.7B2025-Q3
NORGES BANKEXIT5,948,1310-100.0%$0.002025-Q3
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INCNEW151,610,700$48.4B2025-Q2
NORGES BANKNEW5,948,131$1.9B2025-Q2
WELLS FARGO & COMPANY/MNDOUBLED1,692,9673,808,379+125.0%$1.2B2025-Q2
TWO SIGMA INVESTMENTS, LPEXIT12,0530-100.0%$0.002025-Q2
NORGES BANKEXIT6,017,2760-100.0%$0.002025-Q1
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INCEXIT151,610,7000-100.0%$0.002025-Q1
CHARLES SCHWAB INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT INCNEW3,864,152$1.0B2024-Q3
23 unique insiders with 8 transactions. Net insider value: -$29.3M ($0.00 bought, $29.3M sold).

Insider Transactions

DateInsiderTitleTypeSharesPriceValue
May 5, 2026WARDELL LISA WDirectorA742.115$0.00$0.00
May 5, 2026Young Christopher DavidDirectorA742.115$0.00$0.00
May 5, 2026Wallace Noel R.DirectorA742.115$0.00$0.00
May 5, 2026Quarles Randal K.DirectorA742.115$0.00$0.00
May 5, 2026Pike Lynn AnnDirectorA742.115$0.00$0.00
May 5, 2026PHILLIPS JR CHARLES EDirectorA742.115$0.00$0.00
May 5, 2026PARKHILL KAREN LDirectorA742.115$0.00$0.00
May 5, 2026Majoras Deborah PDirectorA742.115$0.00$0.00
May 5, 2026Leonsis TheodoreDirectorA742.115$0.00$0.00
May 5, 2026Brennan John JosephDirectorA742.115$0.00$0.00
May 5, 2026Baltimore Thomas J JrDirectorA742.115$0.00$0.00
May 5, 2026Angelakis Michael JDirectorA742.115$0.00$0.00
Mar 31, 2026Wallace Noel R.DirectorA121.185$299.13$36.3K
Mar 31, 2026Young Christopher DavidDirectorA133.721$299.13$40.0K
Mar 31, 2026WARDELL LISA WDirectorA125.364$299.13$37.5K
Mar 31, 2026VASELLA DANIELDirectorA108.926$299.13$32.6K
Mar 31, 2026PHILLIPS JR CHARLES EDirectorA62.682$299.13$18.8K
Mar 31, 2026Majoras Deborah PDirectorA60.592$299.13$18.1K
Mar 31, 2026Brennan John JosephDirectorA221.476$299.13$66.3K
Mar 31, 2026Angelakis Michael JDirectorA60.592$299.13$18.1K
Mar 31, 2026Baltimore Thomas J JrDirectorA121.185$299.13$36.3K
Mar 13, 2026Joabar RaymondGrp. Pres., Global Comm. Serv.SELL16$301.27$4.8K
Mar 6, 2026Lieberman Quinn JessicaEVP - ControllerSELL3,032$300.02$909.7K
Mar 2, 2026Joabar RaymondGrp. Pres., Global Comm. Serv.SELL24$309.85$7.4K
Feb 12, 2026Grosfield HowardGroup Pres., U.S. Cons. Serv.SELL8,134$346.73$2.8M
Feb 9, 2026Seeger LaureenChief Legal OfficerSELL12,737$360.99$4.6M
Feb 9, 2026Radhakrishnan RavikumarChief Information OfficerSELL8,362$356.14$3.0M
Feb 5, 2026Pickett DenisePres., Enterprise Shared Serv.M12,660$173.61$2.2M
Feb 5, 2026Pickett DenisePres., Enterprise Shared Serv.SELL23,385$356.91$8.3M
Feb 5, 2026Pickett DenisePres., Enterprise Shared Serv.M12,660$0.00$0.00
Feb 5, 2026Marrs AnnaGroup Pres., GMNSM14,992$173.61$2.6M
Feb 5, 2026Marrs AnnaGroup Pres., GMNSSELL27,425$350.01$9.6M
Feb 5, 2026Marrs AnnaGroup Pres., GMNSM14,992$0.00$0.00
Feb 1, 2026Grosfield HowardGroup Pres., U.S. Cons. Serv.A17,280$0.00$0.00
Feb 1, 2026Grosfield HowardGroup Pres., U.S. Cons. Serv.F9,146$352.17$3.2M
Feb 1, 2026Marrs AnnaGroup Pres., GMNSA24,883$0.00$0.00
Feb 1, 2026Marrs AnnaGroup Pres., GMNSF13,637$352.17$4.8M
Feb 1, 2026Marrs AnnaGroup Pres., GMNSA14,992$0.00$0.00
Feb 1, 2026Skyler JenniferChief Corp. Affairs OfficerA9,952$0.00$0.00
Feb 1, 2026Skyler JenniferChief Corp. Affairs OfficerF5,097$352.17$1.8M
Feb 1, 2026Skyler JenniferChief Corp. Affairs OfficerA5,997$0.00$0.00
Feb 1, 2026Radhakrishnan RavikumarChief Information OfficerA20,182$0.00$0.00
Feb 1, 2026Radhakrishnan RavikumarChief Information OfficerF9,864$352.17$3.5M
Feb 1, 2026Radhakrishnan RavikumarChief Information OfficerA12,160$0.00$0.00
Feb 1, 2026Rutledge ElizabethChief Marketing OfficerA8,985$0.00$0.00
Feb 1, 2026Rutledge ElizabethChief Marketing OfficerF4,562$352.17$1.6M
Feb 1, 2026Rutledge ElizabethChief Marketing OfficerA5,413$0.00$0.00
Feb 1, 2026Lieberman Quinn JessicaEVP - ControllerA5,875$0.00$0.00
Feb 1, 2026Lieberman Quinn JessicaEVP - ControllerF2,843$352.17$1.0M
Feb 1, 2026McNeal Glenda GChief Partner OfficerA11,750$0.00$0.00
15 SEC filing reports analyzed. Sentiment: 3 bullish, 1 bearish, 2 mixed, 9 neutral. Avg impact: 2.7/10.
MIXED ANALYST-UPGRADE 3/10
Freedom Broker upgrades AXP to Hold from Sell (PT $325, +0.6%); BofA maintains Buy ($387) — mixed 3-firm cluster
May 1, 2026
BULLISH ANALYST-UPGRADE 2/10
3 firms acted on AXP: Freedom Broker, Redburn Atlantic, B of A Securities
May 31, 2026
MIXED ANALYST-UPGRADE 1/10
Loop Capital initiates AXP to Buy — PT $389 (+25.6%)
May 22, 2026
BEARISH ANALYST-UPGRADE 1/10
Baird upgrades AXP from Underperform to Neutral — PT $265 (-18% downside vs $321.90)
May 8, 2026
NEUTRAL COURT-RULING 1/10
Florida appellate court dismissed a pro se petition for writ of certiorari by Dean Abrams against Am
May 22, 2026
NEUTRAL COURT-RULING 1/10
The Texas Court of Appeals dismissed Howard Redmond Jr.'s pro se appeal against American Express Nat
May 21, 2026
NEUTRAL 8-K 2/10
American Express filed its monthly delinquency and write-off statistics for U.S. Consumer and Small
May 15, 2026
NEUTRAL 8-K 2/10
American Express issued $1.75 billion of 4.444% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Notes due 2030 in a routine d
May 4, 2026
BULLISH 8-K 6/10
American Express announced it will sell its ~30% equity stake in Global Business Travel Group (GBTG)
May 4, 2026
NEUTRAL COURT-RULING 2/10
American Express National Bank (AXP) successfully defended against a lawsuit filed by pro se plainti
Apr 25, 2026
BULLISH 8-K 8/10
American Express reported strong Q1 2026 earnings with revenue up 11% and EPS of $4.28, a 18% increa
Apr 23, 2026
NEUTRAL 8-K 3/10
American Express disclosed preliminary delinquency and write-off statistics for its U.S. Consumer an
Apr 15, 2026
NEUTRAL DEFA14A 2/10
Analysis based on filing metadata only — document content was unavailable
Mar 25, 2026
NEUTRAL CLUSTER 2/10
Group President Joabar Raymond sold 16 shares of American Express in a small open-market transaction
Mar 13, 2026
NEUTRAL 8-K 4/10
American Express announced plans to build a new 1.95 million square foot headquarters at 200 Greenwi
Feb 25, 2026

No press releases analyzed yet. Press releases are collected from GlobeNewsWire and analyzed by the LLM pipeline.

Current analyst consensus: Hold (46% buy). Based on 35 analysts: 4 strong buy, 12 buy, 18 hold, 0 sell, 1 strong sell.

Analyst Price Targets

$361.57 mean target +13.6% upside Buy (2.28)
$285.00 Low $450.00 High
MetricValue
Current Price$318.38
Target Low$285.00
Target Mean$361.57
Target Median$353.79
Target High$450.00
# Analysts24
RecommendationBuy (2.28)

Earnings Estimates & Revisions

PeriodEPS AvgEPS LowEPS HighEPS Growth30d Rev.Up/DownRev. AvgRev. GrowthAnalysts
Current Q
2026-06-30
$4.38 $4.09 $4.55 7.5% -0.1% 5↑ 13↓ $19.6B 9.9% 23
Next Q
2026-09-30
$4.68 $4.37 $5.80 13.1% +0.7% 5↑ 13↓ $20.1B 8.9% 22
Current FY
2026-12-31
$17.69 $17.34 $18.70 15.0% +0.2% 7↑ 1↓ $79.4B 10.0% 27
Next FY
2027-12-31
$20.12 $19.15 $20.88 13.8% +0.1% 9↑ 6↓ $86.4B 8.8% 27

Current Quarter EPS Revision History

TimepointEPS EstimateChange
Current$4.384
7d ago$4.391-0.007
30d ago$4.389-0.004
60d ago$4.462-0.078
90d ago$4.469-0.085
11 analyst firms have rated this stock: 0 upgrades, 0 downgrades, 1 initiations.

Individual Analyst Actions

DateAnalyst FirmActionPrevious RatingNew Rating
May 22, 2026 Loop Capital INITIATE Buy
Apr 29, 2026 Evercore ISI Group MAINTAIN In-Line In-Line
Apr 28, 2026 Goldman Sachs MAINTAIN Buy Buy
Apr 24, 2026 Barclays MAINTAIN Equal-Weight Equal-Weight
Apr 24, 2026 B of A Securities MAINTAIN Buy Buy
Apr 24, 2026 BTIG REITERATE Sell Sell
Apr 16, 2026 Morgan Stanley MAINTAIN Equal-Weight Equal-Weight
Apr 9, 2026 JP Morgan MAINTAIN Neutral Neutral
Apr 9, 2026 Wells Fargo MAINTAIN Overweight Overweight
Apr 6, 2026 Evercore ISI Group MAINTAIN In-Line In-Line
Apr 6, 2026 Barclays MAINTAIN Equal-Weight Equal-Weight
Mar 23, 2026 Truist Securities MAINTAIN Buy Buy
Mar 16, 2026 BTIG MAINTAIN Sell Sell
Feb 10, 2026 Evercore ISI Group MAINTAIN In-Line In-Line
Feb 2, 2026 Truist Securities MAINTAIN Buy Buy
Feb 2, 2026 JP Morgan MAINTAIN Neutral Neutral
Feb 2, 2026 BTIG REITERATE Sell Sell
Jan 12, 2026 JP Morgan MAINTAIN Neutral Neutral
Jan 8, 2026 TD Cowen MAINTAIN Hold Hold
Jan 6, 2026 Barclays MAINTAIN Equal-Weight Equal-Weight
Dec 22, 2025 Truist Securities MAINTAIN Buy Buy
Dec 17, 2025 Wells Fargo MAINTAIN Overweight Overweight

Monthly Consensus History

PeriodStrong BuyBuyHoldSellStrong SellBuy %Distribution
Jun 1, 2026412180146%
May 1, 2026511180146%
Apr 1, 2026511180146%
Mar 1, 2026510190143%
Feb 1, 2026510200142%
Jan 1, 2026410210139%
Dec 1, 2025410210139%
Nov 1, 2025410210139%
Strong BuyBuyHoldSellStrong Sell
4 members of Congress traded this stock: 3 buys, 1 sells.

Congressional Trades

DateMemberPartyChamberTypeAmountAssetDisclosed
Apr 7, 2026Rick LarsenDHOUSESELL$1,001 - $15,000American Express CoApr 16, 2026 (10d)
Mar 31, 2026Jared MoskowitzDHOUSEBUY$1,001 - $15,000American Express CoMay 1, 2026 (32d)
Mar 11, 2026Shelley Moore CapitoRSENATEBUY$1,001 - $15,000American Express CoApr 5, 2026 (26d)
Dec 29, 2025Markwayne MullinRSENATEBUY$1,001 - $15,000American Express CoJan 16, 2026 (19d)
63°
Warm
Bearish Neutral Bullish
12 mentions 6 bullish 2 bearish 10 time periods

Reddit Sentiment History

DateMentionsSentimentBullishBearishThreads
May 8, 2026150° Neutral001
May 8, 2026150° Neutral001
Apr 28, 2026267° Warm202
Apr 27, 2026267° Warm202
Apr 24, 2026140° Cool011
Apr 24, 2026140° Cool011
Apr 24, 2026150° Neutral001
Apr 24, 2026150° Neutral001
Apr 8, 2026160° Warm101
Apr 8, 2026160° Warm101

Recent Reddit Threads

r/wallstreetbets Neutral 1mo ago
Semis ripping while I’m being ripped a new one
▲ 1 💬 1 ⚡ 0.3
r/stocks Bullish 1mo ago
Is American Express (AXP) a buy?
▲ 1 💬 0 ⚡ 0.5
r/investing Bullish 1mo ago
Is American Express (AXP) a buy?
▲ 1 💬 0 ⚡ 0.5
r/stocks Bearish 1mo ago
Waste Management (WM). Solid long term DCA stock?
▲ 1 💬 0 ⚡ 0.5
r/stocks Neutral 1mo ago
Bad Things AXP 1Q26 Earnings
▲ 1 💬 0 ⚡ 0.5
r/stocks Bullish 2mo ago
Looking to expand my stock picks...are AMZN, PEP and MCD good picks?
▲ 1 💬 0 ⚡ 0.5
Jul 16, 2026
earnings_calendar
AXP Q2 2026 Earnings Before Market Open — 2026-07-16
EPS est: $4.52 | Rev est: $19.8B
Jun 9, 2026
short_volume
Short Volume: AXP — 57.1% short (0.6M / 1.1M)
Short: 614,310 | Exempt: 178 | TRF Vol: 1,075,818 | Short Ratio: 57.1% | Off-exchange volume (dark pool + OTC)
Jun 8, 2026
short_volume
Short Volume: AXP — 59.9% short (0.6M / 0.9M)
Short: 566,139 | Exempt: 458 | TRF Vol: 944,934 | Short Ratio: 59.9% | Off-exchange volume (dark pool + OTC)
Jun 5, 2026
short_volume
Short Volume: AXP — 63.0% short (0.5M / 0.7M)
Short: 462,217 | Exempt: 1,448 | TRF Vol: 734,144 | Short Ratio: 63.0% | Off-exchange volume (dark pool + OTC)
Jun 3, 2026
short_volume
Short Volume: AXP — 55.3% short (0.8M / 1.5M)
Short: 842,791 | Exempt: 80 | TRF Vol: 1,524,070 | Short Ratio: 55.3% | Off-exchange volume (dark pool + OTC)
Jun 2, 2026
FDA
Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride
WARNING Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsyc
May 26, 2026
FDA
Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride
WARNING Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsyc
May 22, 2026
Enforcement
Abrams v. American Express National Bank
Court ruling from District Court of Appeal of Florida. Docket: 2D2025-3100
May 20, 2026
Enforcement
Howard James Redmond, Jr. v. American Express National Bank
Court ruling from Texas Court of Appeals. Docket: 07-26-00050-CV
May 20, 2026
FDA
Sotalol Hydrochloride
WARNING: LIFE-THREATENING PROARRHYTHMIA To minimize the risk of drug-induced arrhythmia, initiate or reinitiate oral sotalol in a facility that can pr
May 18, 2026
dark_pool
Dark Pool: AXP — 4.1M shares, 106,934 trades
Week starting 2026-05-18. Total ATS volume: 4,068,262 shares across 106,934 trades.
May 15, 2026
short_volume
Short Volume: AXP — 58.2% short (0.5M / 0.9M)
Short: 539,336 | Exempt: 252 | TRF Vol: 926,094 | Short Ratio: 58.2% | Off-exchange volume (dark pool + OTC)
May 13, 2026
FDA
Paroxetine
WARNING: SUICIDAL THOUGHTS AND BEHAVIORS Antidepressants increased the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in pediatric and young adult patients i
May 12, 2026
short_volume
Short Volume: AXP — 62.9% short (0.5M / 0.8M)
Short: 517,635 | Exempt: 8,523 | TRF Vol: 822,450 | Short Ratio: 62.9% | Off-exchange volume (dark pool + OTC)
May 12, 2026
FDA
Hydromorphone Hydrochloride
WARNING: SERIOUS AND LIFE-THREATENING RISKS FROM USE OF HYDROMORPHONE HYDROCHLORIDE WARNING: SERIOUS AND LIFE-THREATENING RISKS FROM USE OF HYDROMORPH
May 11, 2026
dark_pool
Dark Pool: AXP — 3.0M shares, 88,149 trades
Week starting 2026-05-11. Total ATS volume: 3,038,406 shares across 88,149 trades.
May 8, 2026
short_volume
Short Volume: AXP — 58.5% short (0.7M / 1.2M)
Short: 728,462 | Exempt: 0 | TRF Vol: 1,245,996 | Short Ratio: 58.5% | Off-exchange volume (dark pool + OTC)
May 7, 2026
short_volume
Short Volume: AXP — 63.8% short (0.7M / 1.1M)
Short: 677,816 | Exempt: 117 | TRF Vol: 1,062,680 | Short Ratio: 63.8% | Off-exchange volume (dark pool + OTC)
May 6, 2026
short_volume
Short Volume: AXP — 57.9% short (0.5M / 0.8M)
Short: 453,427 | Exempt: 0 | TRF Vol: 782,525 | Short Ratio: 57.9% | Off-exchange volume (dark pool + OTC)
May 5, 2026
short_volume
Short Volume: AXP — 60.9% short (0.6M / 1.0M)
Short: 589,581 | Exempt: 3,107 | TRF Vol: 967,895 | Short Ratio: 60.9% | Off-exchange volume (dark pool + OTC)
May 4, 2026
dark_pool
Dark Pool: AXP — 3.2M shares, 101,402 trades
Week starting 2026-05-04. Total ATS volume: 3,194,007 shares across 101,402 trades.
May 4, 2026
short_volume
Short Volume: AXP — 63.4% short (0.4M / 0.7M)
Short: 420,646 | Exempt: 5 | TRF Vol: 663,280 | Short Ratio: 63.4% | Off-exchange volume (dark pool + OTC)
Mar 19, 2026
Enforcement
Ronald Evans v. American Express National Bank
Court ruling from District Court, N.D. Illinois. Docket: 1:25-cv-02788